(i) Growth promotion Fungus produces growth
promoting hormones. In the absence of this
association, Pinus and Betula show stunted growth
despite providing all types of nutrients.
(ii) Antimicrobial substance Fungus protects the
from parasitic fungi and harmful bacteria by secreting
antimicrobial substances.
(iii) Nourishment In orchids, the fungus absorbs
nourishment from outside transports it over to the
germinating seed.
(iv) Adverse environment Allows plants to grow
mineral deficient soil, saline soil, unfavourable pH and
temperature,
(v) Absorption of water Fungal association increases I
water availability to the root.