Nomenclature is thc system of naming living organisms in
way that a particular organistn is known by thc same name
all over thc world.
i. Conunon Narnes
The conunon narncs or vernacular names are the local
names given to an organism in a specific language in a
particular region. There are different names of the same
organism in different regions even within a count

The huge number and variety of living organisms make it
difficult to study them. Therefore, there arises a need to
classify all the organisms into different categories according
to their specific features.
Thus, classification is the process by which things are
grouped into different categories based on some easily
observable characters.
Biological classification is the scientific arrangement of
organisms in a hierarchy of groups and sub-groups on the
basis of similarities and differences in their traits.

SYSTEMATICS
The word ‘Systematics’ is derived from the Latin word
Systema, which means systematic arrangement of
organisms. Linnaeus used Systema Naturae as the title of his
book. He coined the term Systematics in 1751.
Systematics is the branch of Science that deals with unique
properties of species and groups to recognise, describe,
name and arrange the diverse organisms according to an
organised plan.
In 1961, Simpson defined systematics as the study of
diversity of organisms and all their comparative and
evolutionary relationships based on comparative anatomy,
physiology, biochemistry and ecology. The word
and ‘Taxonomy’ are often used
‘Systematics’
interchangeably by the biologists.
Systematics includes the following

A living thing has multiple levels of
organisation. Each level of organisation has its
own properties, which are not found in its
constituents.
Examples of three tissues supporting the
statements are
(i) Cardiac Muscle Tissue It is a contractile
tissue present only in heart. Cell junctions
fuse the plasma membrane of cardiac muscle
cells and make them stick together. When one
cell receives a signal to contract, its
neighbours also start to contract. It means a
single cell cannot contract, while there are
some fusion points, which allow the cells to
contract as a unit.
(ii) Blood It is a fluid connective tissue. The
individual components of blood, i.e., RBCs,
WBCs and platelets have different properties
but as a unit they make the blood, a tissue
serving many functions.
(iii) Bone It is a hard connective tissue that
forms the framework of the body. The
individual cells inside the bone do not have
this property.